Kamis, 27 Maret 2014

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice
The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.

Construction of the Passive Voice
The structure of the passive voice is very simple:
subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
The main verb is always in its past participle form.
Look at these examples:
subject
auxiliary verb (to be)

main verb (past participle)

Water
is

drunk
by everyone.
100 people
are

employed
by this company.
I
am

paid
in euro.
We
are
not
paid
in dollars.
Are
they

paid
in yen?

Use of the Passive Voice
We use the passive when:
  • we want to make the active object more important
  • we do not know the active subject

subject
verb
object
give importance to active object (President Kennedy)
President Kennedy
was killed
by Lee Harvey Oswald.
active subject unknown
My wallet
has been stolen.
?
Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats).
Look at this sentence:
  • He was killed with a gun.
Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".

Conjugation for the Passive Voice
We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example:
  • present simple: It is made
  • present continuous: It is being made
  • present perfect: It has been made
Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses:
infinitive
to be washed
simple
present
It is washed.
past
It was washed.
future
It will be washed.
conditional
It would be washed.
continuous
present
It is being washed.
past
It was being washed.
future
It will be being washed.
conditional
It would be being washed.
perfect simple
present
It has been washed.
past
It had been washed.
future
It will have been washed.
conditional
It would have been washed.
perfect continuous
present
It has been being washed.
past
It had been being washed.
future
It will have been being washed.
conditional
It would have been being washed.


FORMING THE PASSIVE

ACTIVE   :   (a)   Mary helped the boy
PASSIVE :   (b)   The boy was helped by Mary
Form of the passive: be + past participle.
 

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: “the boy” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

ACTIVE   :   (c)   An accident happened
PASSIVE :   (d)   ( none )


Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive.


Simple present    Mary   helps                         Jhon.    Jhon     is helped                       by Mary
present progres  Mary    is helping                  Jhon.    Jhon     is being helped            by Mary
present perfect   Mary    has helped               Jhon.    Jhon     has been helped            by Mary
simple past        Mary    helped                       Jhon.    Jhon     was helped                    by Mary
past progresive  Mary    was helping              Jhon.    Jhon     was being helped         by Mary
past perfect        Mary    had helped               Jhon.    Jhon     had been helped          by Mary
simple future     Mary    will help                    Jhon.    Jhon     will be helped              by Mary
be going to         Mary   is going to help         Jhon.    Jhon     is going to be helped   by Mary
Future perfect    Mary   will have helped        Jhon.    Jhon     will have been helped by Mary


Example :
Tom opens the door.                           The door is opened by Tom.
Tom is opening the door.                    The door is being opened by Tom.
Tom has opened the door                   The door has been opened by Tom.
Tom opened the door                          The door was opened by Tom.
Tom was opening the door                 The door was being opened by Tom.
Tom had opened the door                   The door had been opened by Tom.



USING THE PASSIVE
(a)   Rice is grown in India.
(b)   Our house was built in 1890.
(c)   This olive oil was imported from Spain.
Usually the passive is used without a “ by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.
(a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the “by phrase.”
(d)   Life on the Mississippi was written by
       Mark Twain.
The “by phrase” is included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by Mark Twain is important information.
(e)   My aunt made this rug. (active)

(f)   This rug was made by my aunt.
       That rug was made by my mother.

If the speaker/writer knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e).
The passive may be used with the “by phrase” instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.

Example :
People grow corn in Iowa.                  Corn is grown in Iowa

INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS
(a)   Someone gave Mrs. Lee[LO]  an award
       [DO].
(b)   Mrs. Lee was given an award.
LO= indirect object. DO= direct object. Either an indirect object or a direct may become the subject of a passive sentence.
(a), (b), (c), and (d) have the same meaning.
(c)   Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee.
(d)   An award was given to Mrs. Lee.

Example :
Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
(indirect object = Ann)            Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant.




Passive Form Of Verbs

            Many verbs may be used to make statements about the same event in two different ways.
Active Voice                The boy (subject) opened the door (object).
Passive Voice              The door (original object) was opened by the boy (original subject).

FORMS OF THE
PASSIVE VOICE


            The passive voice is preferred when the “doer” of an action (or, the agent) is unimportant or unknown. Because of its impersonal tone, the passive voice is commonly found in textbooks, in scientific, technical or business reports, and in newspaper stories.
Example :        The janitor opens the door every morning.
                                    The door is opened by the janitor every morning.
                                   

Passive Of Verbs That Take Two Objects

            With verbs that take indirect objects, either the direct or the indirect object may be the grammatical subject of the passive verb.
                        Active              The company will give us the guarantee in writing
                        Passive            We will be given the guarantee in writing
                                                                          Or
                                                The guarantee will be given (to) us in writing.
                                                (To is optional in the passive)

            Example          : She sent her husband a telegram
                                      Her husband was sent a telegram


Reference :
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR Second Edition. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1989.
Frank, Marcella. Modern English : Exercises For Non-Native Speakers Part 1 of Speech. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1972.
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-voice_passive.htm


NAMA       : MUHAMMAD FIRMANSYAH
NPM          : 14210703
KELAS      : 4EA19
MATKUL : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Details
Full Name                   : Muhammad Firmansyah
Sex                             : Male
Place, Date of Birth     : Bantul, Sept 12, 1992
Nationality                  : Indonesia
Marital Status             : Single
Height, Weight           : 173 cm, 74 kg
Health                        : Perfect
Religion                      : Moslem
Address                     : Kp. Rawa Gelam RT.001/006 No.107 Jakarta Timur 13930


Educational Background
1998 – 2004                : SDN Jatinegara 02, Jakarta
2004 – 2007                : SMPN 90, Jakarta
2007 – 2010                : SMAN 36, Jakarta
2010 – 2014                : Universitas Gunadarma

Course & Education
2012                            : Course of Management Export Import Product and Simulation
2013                            : Banking Syaria

Skill
Computer Ms. Office (Operating)



NAMA          : MUHAMMAD FIRMANSYAH
NPM             : 14210703
KELAS         : 4EA19
MATKUL    : BAHASA INGGRIS 2